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Showing posts with label oil and gas. Show all posts
Showing posts with label oil and gas. Show all posts
Saturday, February 26, 2011
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Classifications of Crude Oil

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Crude oil otherwise known as petroleum (from Greek: petra (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)) is a composition of hydrocarbons (chemicals composed solely of hydrogen and carbon in various molecular arrangements) and other compounds which is usually brown or black in color.

It is extracted from the earth, formed naturally from the fossil of animals and plants. The viscosity and relative weight of crude oil varies and it can exist in either liquid or solid state.
The different types of crude oil are classified based on the American Petroleum Gravity (API) gravity and viscosity. The properties may vary in terms of proportion of hydrocarbon elements, sulfur content etc as it is extracted from different geographical locations all over the world.

Light crude oil is defined as having an API gravity higher than 31.1 °API
Medium oil is defined as having an API gravity between 22.3 °API and 31.1 °API
Heavy oil is defined as having an API gravity below 22.3 °API.

Classifications are made based on the sulfur content as well. Crude oil with low content of sulfur means 'sweet' and the presence of high content sulfur is known as 'sour'.

One of the largest and major Classifications of Crude oil is Brent Blend, which is found in the North Sea. With an API gravity of 38.3 degrees and 0.37% of sulfur, this blend of crude oil comes from 15 various oil fields in the North Sea.

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) otherwise known as Texas Light Sweet, OPEC Reference Basket (ORB) and Dubai Crude are other major benchmarks or references. The deposits for West Texas Intermediate are found in Texas and Mexico whereas for OPEC Reference Basket oil is sourced from Bonny light (Nigeria), Arab light (Saudi Arabia), Basra light (Iraq), Saharan blend (Algeria) and Minas (Indonesia). Although, Brent blend is graded as a light crude oil, it is not as light as WTI.

Russian Export Blend, the Russian benchmark crude, is a mixture of several crude grades used domestically or sent for export. Russian Export Blend is a medium, sour crude oil with an API gravity of approximately 32 and a sulfur content of approximately 1.2%. Its spot price is reported at Augusta, Italy, and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, which act as the two primary delivery points.

Light, sweet crude is more expensive than heavier, sourer crude because it requires less processing and produces a slate of products with a greater percentage of value-added products, such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel. Heavier, sourer crude typically sells at a discount to lighter, sweeter grades because it produces a greater percentage of lower value-added products with simple distillation and requires additional processing to produce lighter products
 
Source: International Marine Consultancy
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Tuesday, November 16, 2010
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Black gold has been known to mean more than one thing depending on your understanding and perception. Black gold to some people might mean coffee; while to some others it could mean something else. Black gold in this context refers to crude oil. Crude oil is the base of all petroleum products i.e. diesel also known as AGO ( Automated Gas Oil), fuel also known as premium motor spirit, kerosene also known as DPK, butane also known as cooking gas. All these products are extracted from the centrifugation of the black gold.

Petroleum products are required in large quantities on a daily basis owing to the fact that there are trillions of car owners worldwide; these car owners require the assistance of black gold products to keep their vehicles running. You would also observe that there are industries worldwide that utilize power generating sets to enhance production performance. These power generating set also require petroleum products to successfully ignite their engines. The use of black gold products is imperative to every society and hence the need for countries to seek this product.

The black gold gives you an opportunity as an individual or a company to earn a recurring income as a middleman. You do not need any financial commitment in order to tap into this source of income. All you need is knowledge of how the business runs your mobile phone and internet. To be at the top of your game in this business, it is imperative that you understand all the trading terms. Don’t be nervous! One step at a time and you will get there. It is not rocket science, people are doing it and so can you. You can make as much as you want to; it all depends on you.

The black gold is making people rich working from the comfort of their homes. In most cases, there is no physical contact between the parties involved. It is advisable to schedule a conference call most times so as to communicate with all parties. If you happen to be in the same country, you can meet physically for once and then every other correspondence can be via email, skype or phone call. This is how you make money from black gold.

1. Have an indebt knowledge of how the black gold business works

2. Contact a genuine seller

3. Get procedures from seller

4. Contact a genuine buyer

5. Send seller procedure to buyer

6. After buyer agrees negotiate your commission

7. Send SPA( Sales and Purchase Agreement) to buyer

8. Buyer signs and returns

9. Follow the rest of the procedure

10. Pays for product and commission to the agents

The above listed is a brief outline of the steps involved in earning black gold income. If you can achieve these then you are on your way to earning a recurring income. Please remember that you cannot sell a product you are not conversant with. The first step should not be neglected. I have taken my time to write a manual that would help you understand the basics of this business. It is hosted on lulu.

You can check it out by going to www.lulu.com/spotlight/victordominic





































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Friday, July 23, 2010
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The Oil and Gas business is no doubt one of the biggest money generating business in the whole world. I am sure you are aware of the fact that daily consumption of fuel products is increasing and days go by and as such there is a huge demand of oil products all over the world. The Oil and Gas sector presents an avenue for both investors and marketers to  make huge sums of money on a daily or monthly basis. There are certain terms associated with this business; it is imperative at this point that you have an understanding of these Oil and gas terms.


1. SPA- Sales and Purchase Agreement

The SPA serves as a legal document which is presented by the seller of a supposed crude oil commodity through the seller’s agent to the buyer or his or her agent or mandate for the buyer to sign, seal and return back to the seller. It is a legal document binding on both parties once signed and incurs a penalty if one party defaults in fulfilling his side of the purchase contract. Most likely it has the terms agreed by both seller and buyer present in it. A copy of this document is given to the banks of both parties as the deal proceeds while copies are also kept for security reasons. Since the SPA is a legal document, care should be taken before it is signed since many people defraud others with it. It is often times presented in soft copy and is printed out and filled by the other party.

Scams Associated with SPA

It is a well known fact that people tend to perpetuate fraud through legitimate means of making money; especially when it is internet related and hence reducing trust and making it difficult to seal a deal in this industry. Buyers must be very careful with the issue of signing of an SPA. Once an agreement is reached by some parties and the SPA has been duly signed, some fraudsters fault the agreement deliberately and demand a penalty fee of $100,000 or more from the buyer thus forcing the buyer to pay for a deal that never occurred; this is usual with many desperate facilitators and agents so be careful when you enter any deal because there are so many scammers on the prowl.


2. POP- Proof of Product

This document serves as a clear indication that the owner of the oil commodity has a true possession of the product. This document must also indicate that the seller has the commodity for sale as at the time of transaction. This document can be issued in hard copy but it is mostly delivered through electronic means (email). The buyer should make it a point of duty to carry out his due diligence by confirming the product before proceeding on any transaction with the seller.

If you are ever going to strike it big in the Nigerian Crude Oil and gas industry, you must focus on getting a genuine deal. The only requirement for a genuine deal is a letter of allocation from NNPC Crude Oil Marketing Department. The seller should be able to provide this to show the buyer he has a product up for sale.
Fraud in the oil and gas business is not only committed by Nigerians, it is committed by people all over the world. Insist on a proof of allocation in the form of a letter of allocation from the relevant government ministry or agency in charge of petroleum in any country. Failure to do this will only waste your time and money and you will be working for international fraudsters unknowingly.

Once you have a genuine copy, it is always easy to confirm but the trick is to make sure the letter is from a genuine agency with the authority to allocate crude oil or its by products. For Nigeria, only one agency has this power and it’s the NNPC crude oil marketing department. This is done in likewise manner in every country of the world to ensure that the process of lifting crude oil globally is never complicated and never inspires or motivates fraud in any way.

3. LOI- Letter of Intent

The LOI is a legal document that is issued by the buyer of an oil commodity. This documents indicates the buyers interest, it also specifies the specification and conditions upon which the buyer would love to transact the business.

Many a time, buyers issue LOI only to find out that the seller or his agent is not genuine or does not have the supposed product at hand. A lot of hungry facilitators do this when they are still struggling to get a supplier. They commit the buyer only to start hustling for a seller. Also note that the L.O.I has an expiry date but it can be re-issued.
4. Proof of Fund

a. Letter of Credit

b. MT 799

c. Bank Guarantee

d. MT 103

Proof of fund is a financial instrument that indicates to the seller that the buyer of the crude commodity is capable of buying the product. It shows that the buyer is financially capable to handle transactions of such huge magnitude. It is usually issued by the buyer’s bank, if the buyer is credible enough, his Bank should not be hesitant to issue this to the seller.


5. Facilitator

A facilitator in the oil and gas field is more or less like a middleman in the world of commerce. A facilitator is someone who searches for both buyers and sellers of an oil commodity; he in many cases look for agents to companies or individuals who need a particular oil product available for sale. A facilitator spends both time and money trying to get both genuine and serious buyers and sellers. A facilitator serves as a link between the buyer and the seller, every document for initiating a deal goes through him and he forwards to appropriate party involved. The work of a facilitator is very stressful and sometimes discouraging when he comes in contact with unserious persons, sometimes the chain of facilitators and agents to a deal make everything tiring. The success key for a facilitator is patience and persistence. The fee of a facilitator is much lower than that of an agent but it is something compared to the effort. A facilitator could earn up to 50 cents per barrel depending on the chain of people involved. So his pay is dependent on the number of barrels the buyer is willing to buy. If the buyer wants 2 million barrels of crude, multiply 50 cents by 2 million, you can do the mathematics and get the figure. In a case whereby a facilitator is dealing with another facilitator, they come to an agreement on how to share the 50 cent. What stops most facilitators from brokering a deal is greed. Everybody wants to make it big at the first strike, they forget that they would have more deals to broker. Most times a deal never pulls through because of this, but if they have understanding, things would just flow well.

6. Mandate

A mandate could be likened to the spokesman of the seller in most cases. The seller gives him authority to act on his behalf. He gets more commission than the facilitator; say $1 in most cases.


These are some of the few terms you should know in the Oil and Gas industry. More of these terms would be posted later.


7. TTO (Tanker Take Over):  In oil and gas business there are various processes for procurement of commodity. TTO is one of those processes; as the name implies the buyer in this case would take over the vessel which contains the product; after his supercargo and inspectors come onboard, confirm product and do the Q & Q. This vessel would have to be chartered from vessel handlers; sometimes the seller pays for the vessel and after the buyer has confirmed product, he pays for total cost of product including charter fee. Most TTO deals do not take time to seal if the right things are in place.

8. TTT (Tanker to Tanker Transshipment): Unlike TTO, TTT requires that the buyer has his own vessel which would be utilized in loading the products which have already been loaded on a vessel. The buyer sends the Q88, ATL (Authority to Load) and CPA to the seller and the seller sends a NOR (Notification of Readiness) to the buyer vessel.  TTT deals also do not take time to seal.

9. CIF (Cost Insured Freight): This process is usually backed up by an insurance cover. The seller bears the whole cost of loading the vessel and moving the products down to the port of discharge of the buyer; the buyer then conducts  Q & Q and then pays for the product upon successful report. The seller in this case needs to be sure that the buyer can perform by requesting for a proof of funds.

10. FOB (Freight on Board): This is similar to the CIF but different in the sense that there is no insurance cover attached to it.

The above listed are some of the terms that are utilized in transacting crude oil business, you should learn to familiarize yourself with these oil and gas terms. 

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